Maltese

Origins and History

The Maltese traces its roots to the Mediterranean island of Malta, where it was prized by ancient seafarers and aristocracy. References to a small white companion dog appear in Roman mosaics and medieval literature. The modern breed was refined in the United Kingdom during the 19th century, becoming a staple of the British upper class and later a popular companion in the United States. The Maltese was officially recognized by the American Kennel Club in 1888 and by the Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI) in Group 9 (Toy).

General Characteristics

• Size and build: A compact, well‑balanced toy with a square outline; the body is slightly longer than tall.
• Temperament highlights: Affectionate, lively, and alert; eager to please but can be sensitive to harsh correction.
• Primary breed purpose: Historically a lap and companion dog; today excels in conformation showing and as a family pet.

Disclaimer: While this information reflects current breed standards and veterinary consensus, individual dogs may vary. Always consult a qualified veterinarian or breed specialist for specific health or training advice.

Physical Specifications

• Height: 20–25 cm (8–10 in) at the withers for both males and females.
• Weight: Proportionate to height; typically not exceeding 4 kg (8‑9 lb).

Coat and Color

• Texture and length: Long, silky, straight, and flowing; the coat should lie close to the body and reach the floor when the dog is in natural stance. No trimming is allowed in the show ring.
• Accepted colors and patterns: Pure white is the only acceptable color. A slight ivory or pale lemon tint is tolerated, but any markings, patches, or other colors disqualify the dog.

Temperament Considerations

Maltese are eager to bond with their handler and respond best to positive reinforcement. Their sensitivity means harsh corrections can lead to fear or regression. Early socialization is essential to prevent excessive shyness around strangers or other dogs.

Training Essentials

• Socialization requirements: Introduce to a variety of people, environments, and gentle dogs from 8 weeks onward.
• Exercise needs: Short, frequent play sessions (15‑20 minutes) two to three times daily; over‑exertion can stress their delicate joints.
• Common training challenges: House‑breaking may be slower due to small bladder capacity; watch for clinginess that can manifest as attention‑seeking behaviors.

Daily Grooming

• Brushing frequency and tools: Brush at least twice daily with a metal comb and soft bristle brush to prevent tangles.
• Bathing requirements: Bathe every 2–3 weeks or as needed; use a gentle, hypoallergenic shampoo to maintain coat luster.
• Nail and dental care: Trim nails weekly; brush teeth daily and schedule professional dental cleanings at least annually.

Show Preparation

• Pre‑show grooming timeline: Begin a 2‑week conditioning program that includes daily brushing, a light trim of the foot hair (according to show rules), and a final full bath 24 hours before the ring.
• Ring presentation tips: Present the Maltese with a high, elegant carriage; maintain a clean, flowing coat without any visible debris; ensure the tail is carried high and the head is held proud.

Common Health Issues

• Dental disease: Small mouths predispose to tartar buildup and periodontal disease; regular brushing and professional cleanings are crucial.
• Patellar luxation: Grade II–III luxating patella is seen in the breed; early screening and weight management help reduce progression.
• Tracheal collapse: Particularly in older dogs; avoid excessive excitement and use a harness instead of a collar.
• Eye problems: Dry eye (keratoconjunctivitis sicca), cataracts, and progressive retinal atrophy have been reported; annual ophthalmic exams are recommended.
• Cardiac concerns: Mitral valve disease is a leading cause of heart issues; routine cardiac auscultation from age 5 years is advised.
• Hepatic shunts: Rare congenital portosystemic shunts may present with stunted growth; liver function testing is part of a comprehensive health screen.

General Care

• Exercise requirements: Light, controlled activity; short walks and indoor play keep the Maltese fit without over‑loading joints.
• Nutritional needs: High‑quality small‑breed kibble formulated for dental health; maintain a body condition score of 4–5 on a 9‑point scale.
• Lifespan considerations: Average lifespan 12–15 years; regular veterinary wellness exams (at least twice yearly after age 7) support longevity.