American Eskimo Dog (Toy)

Origins and History

The American Eskimo Dog descends from the European Spitz family brought to the United States by German immigrants in the late 1800s. Originally called the German Spitz, the breed was renamed after World War I due to anti‑German sentiment. The Toy variety was formally recognized by the American Kennel Club in 1995 as the smallest of the three size categories (Toy, Miniature, Standard). Throughout its development the breed has been prized for its striking white coat, lively expression, and companion‑type temperament.

General Characteristics

• Size and build: compact, square‑proportioned, with a well‑balanced, sturdy frame despite its small stature.
• Temperament highlights: intelligent, alert, eager to please, and vocal; excels in obedience and rally work.
• Primary breed purpose: companion and show dog; historically also performed as a circus act and watchdog.

Disclaimer: While this information reflects current breed standards and veterinary consensus, individual dogs may vary in conformation, temperament, and health.

Physical Specifications

• Height: 9‑12 inches (23‑30 cm) at the withers for both sexes
• Weight: proportionate to height, typically 6‑10 pounds (2.7‑4.5 kg)

Coat and Color

• Coat: double coat with a soft, dense undercoat and a longer, straight outer coat that lies flat; tail is plumed and carried over the back.
• Accepted colors: pure white, biscuit, and white with biscuit markings; colors must be solid and free of brindle, merle, or other disallowed patterns.

Temperament Considerations

The Toy American Eskimo is highly alert and possesses a strong desire to work, making it responsive to positive‑reinforcement methods. Its vocal nature can lead to excessive barking if the dog becomes bored or under‑stimulated.

Training Essentials

• Early socialization with people, children, and other dogs to curb over‑protectiveness and excessive vocalization.
• Daily mental stimulation through puzzle toys, obedience drills, and short agility exercises.
• Consistent, reward‑based training; avoid harsh corrections which can damage confidence and willingness.

Daily Grooming

• Brush the double coat at least 3‑4 times per week with a slicker brush or metal comb to prevent matting and remove loose undercoat.
• Bathing every 4‑6 weeks or as needed; use a mild dog shampoo to preserve natural oils.
• Trim nails regularly; check ears for debris and clean weekly; brush teeth several times a week.

Show Preparation

• Begin a structured grooming schedule 2‑3 weeks before the show: hand‑strip the coat, trim feathering on ears, tail, and paws to meet AKC standards.
• Apply a light coat conditioner the day before the ring to enhance shine.
• Present the dog in a balanced, square stance; ensure the tail is well‑plumed and the coat lies flat without gaps.

Common Health Issues

• Patellar luxation (especially Grade I‑II).
• Progressive retinal atrophy (PRA) – DNA test available.
• Cataracts.
• Hip dysplasia (less common in Toy size).
• Dental overcrowding leading to periodontal disease.

General Care

• Moderate exercise: 30‑45 minutes of play or walks daily to maintain muscle tone and prevent obesity.
• High‑quality small‑breed diet formulated for adult maintenance; adjust calories to maintain ideal weight.
• Lifespan: typically 12‑15 years; regular veterinary check‑ups, vaccinations, and preventative parasite control are essential.