Border Collie

Origins and History

The Border Collie originated on the Anglo‑Scottish border in the 18th century, developed by shepherds to move livestock over rugged terrain. Early records describe the breed as “the working collie” and by the late 1800s it was recognized for its extraordinary herding ability. The first formal breed standard was written by the Kennel Club (UK) in 1905, and the American Kennel Club (AKC) followed with its standard in 1995.

General Characteristics

• Size and build: medium‑sized, athletic, with a compact, well‑balanced frame
• Temperament highlights: highly intelligent, energetic, eager to please, and intensely focused on movement
• Primary breed purpose: traditional sheep‑herding; today also excels in agility, obedience, and other performance sports

Physical Specifications

• Height: Males 18-22 inches (46-56 cm); Females 18-21 inches (46-53 cm)
• Weight: 30-45 pounds (13-20 kg)

Coat and Color

• Medium‑length double coat; outer coat straight to wavy, inner coat dense and soft
• Accepted colors: black & white, red & white, tricolor, blue merle, red merle, sable, and various white markings; all colors must be clear and free of excessive dilution

Temperament Considerations

Border Collies are highly intelligent, energetic, and possess a strong herding instinct. Their drive can lead to focus on moving objects and may cause distraction if not properly channeled.

Training Essentials

• Early and consistent socialization with people, other dogs, and novel stimuli
• Minimum 1–2 hours of vigorous exercise daily, plus mental challenges such as puzzle toys or agility
• Positive‑reinforcement methods work best; avoid harsh corrections that can damage the sensitive nature of the breed

Daily Grooming

• Brush 2–3 times per week with a slicker brush; increase to daily during seasonal shedding
• Bath only when necessary; over‑bathing can strip natural oils
• Trim nails regularly; check ears for debris and clean weekly; brush teeth several times a week

Show Preparation

• Begin coat brushing at least two weeks before the show to reduce loose hair
• Trim feathering on ears, legs, and tail to the standard length (approximately 1–2 cm)
• Clean ears, teeth, and paws; ensure the coat is smooth, free of mats, and highlights the breed’s natural coloration

Common Health Issues

• Hip dysplasia – screen with radiographs at 12–24 months
• Progressive retinal atrophy (PRA) – DNA test recommended
• Collie eye anomaly (CEA) – ophthalmologic exam recommended
• Epilepsy – monitor for seizures, consult a veterinarian
• Multidrug sensitivity (MDR1 gene mutation) – genetic test advised before administering certain medications

General Care

• Provide at least 1–2 hours of vigorous exercise daily to prevent obesity and behavioral issues
• Balanced diet formulated for active, medium‑sized dogs; adjust portions to maintain ideal body condition
• Life expectancy typically 12–15 years; regular veterinary check‑ups help detect problems early

Disclaimer: While this information reflects current breed standards and veterinary guidance, individual dogs may vary. Always consult a qualified veterinarian or breed expert for specific concerns.