Xoloitzcuintli (Standard)

Origins and History

The Xoloitzcuintli, often called the Mexican Hairless, is one of the oldest known dog breeds, with archaeological evidence dating back more than 3,000 years in pre‑Classic Mesoamerica. The breed was revered by the Aztecs, who believed the Xolo served as a spiritual guide and protector of the soul in the afterlife. After the Spanish conquest, the breed’s numbers declined, but dedicated breeders in Mexico revived the line in the mid‑20th century, leading to its recognition by the Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI) in 1955 and the American Kennel Club (AKC) in 1995.

General Characteristics

• Size and build: Medium‑sized, well‑balanced, with a sleek, muscular frame and a deep chest.
• Temperament highlights: Alert, intelligent, and loyal; can be aloof with strangers and independent in problem‑solving.
• Primary breed purpose: Historically a companion and ceremonial dog; today primarily a companion and show breed.

Physical Specifications

• Height: Males 23–27 inches (58–70 cm); Females 21–25 inches (53–63 cm).
• Weight: Proportionate to height, typically 15–25 kg (33–55 lb).

Coat and Color

• Texture and length details: Two varieties are recognized – the hairless type with smooth, thin skin and a short, fine coat on the head, tail, and feet; and the coated type with a medium‑length, double coat that lies close to the body.
• Accepted colors and patterns: Hairless – solid black, gray (blue), red, apricot, or liver. Coated – any solid color or pattern except merle; common shades include black, gray, red, brindle, and fawn.

Temperament Considerations

The Xolo is intelligent and eager to please but retains a strong independent streak. Early socialization is essential to prevent shyness around unfamiliar people or animals. Positive‑reinforcement methods work best; harsh corrections may trigger stubbornness.

Training Essentials

• Socialization requirements: Introduce to a variety of environments, sounds, and people between 8 and 16 weeks.
• Exercise needs: Moderate daily activity – 30‑45 minutes of brisk walks, play, or mental enrichment.
• Common training challenges: Tendency to be reserved with strangers, occasional digging or chewing when under‑stimulated.

Daily Grooming

• Brushing frequency and tools: Coated Xolos benefit from a soft‑bristle brush 2‑3 times per week; hairless dogs need only a damp cloth to remove debris.
• Bathing requirements: Hairless dogs should be bathed every 2‑3 weeks with a mild, moisturizing shampoo to prevent skin dryness; coated dogs can be bathed monthly.
• Nail and dental care: Trim nails weekly to a comfortable length; brush teeth at least 3 times per week to mitigate the breed’s predisposition to missing premolars and periodontal disease.

Show Preparation

• Pre‑show grooming timeline: For coated dogs, begin a thorough brush‑out 7‑10 days before the show, followed by a light bath 48 hours prior. Hairless dogs should moisturize the skin the night before and ensure the ears and paws are clean.
• Ring presentation tips: Emphasize a clean, tight topline, a well‑arched neck, and a balanced gait. For hairless varieties, ensure the skin is free of scabs and that any permitted short hair is neatly trimmed.

Common Health Issues

• Dental anomalies: Frequently missing premolars and higher incidence of periodontal disease.
• Skin sensitivities: Prone to sunburn, dry patches, and allergic dermatitis; requires regular skin moisturization.
• Autoimmune disorders: Reports of hypothyroidism and systemic lupus erythematosus in the breed.
• Orthopedic concerns: Occasional patellar luxation and hip dysplasia; screening recommended.
• Neurological: Idiopathic epilepsy has been documented in some lines.

General Care

• Exercise requirements: Consistent moderate activity to maintain muscle tone and mental stimulation.
• Nutritional needs: High‑quality protein diet; hairless dogs may benefit from added omega‑3 fatty acids for skin health.
• Lifespan considerations: Average life expectancy 12‑15 years; regular veterinary check‑ups and preventive care extend longevity.

Disclaimer: The information provided reflects current breed standards and documented health data. Individual dogs may vary, and owners should consult a qualified veterinarian for personalized care.